Iota phi theta msu6/21/2023 ![]() ![]() Llano C (2004) Economía espacial y sectorial: el comercio interregional en el marco input-output. LeSage JP, Pace RK (2008) Spatial econometric modeling of origin-destination flows. LeSage JP, Fischer MM, Scherngell T (2007) Knowledge spillovers across Europe, evidence from a poisson spatial interaction model with spatial effects. Gelfand AE, Sahu S, Carlin BP (1995) Efficient parameterizations for normal linear mixed models. Gelfand, Baerjee (2004) Hierarchical modeling and analysis for spatial data. J Reg Sci 35:659–673įischer MM, Scherngell T, Jansenberger E (2006) The geography of knowledge spillovers between high-technology firms in Europe evidence from a spatial interaction modelling perspective. Am J Sociol 92:1170–1182Ĭressie N (1995) Bayesian smoothing of rates in small geographic areas. Biometrika 82:733–746īonacich PB (1987) Power and centrality: a family of measures. Ann Inst Stat Math 43:1–59īesag JE, Kooperberg CL (1995) On conditional and intrinsic autoregressions. Commun Stat Comput Simul 26:619–629īesag JE, York JC, Mollie A (1991) Bayesian image restoration, with two applications in spatial statistics. J Stat Plan Inference 90:87–105īarry RP, Pace RK (1997) Kriging with large data sets using sparse matrix techniques. Econometrica 74:1403–1417īanerjee S, Gelfand AE, Polasek W (2000) Geostatistical modelling for spatial interaction data with application to postal service performance. We illustrate the method using a sample of commodity flows between 18 Spanish regions during the 2002 period.īallester C, Calvó-Armengol A, Zenou Y (2006) Who’s who in networks. That is, we estimate 2 n individual effects parameters using the sample of N = n 2 observations. Individual effects parameters are included in the model to reflect latent or unobservable influences at work that are unique to each region treated as an origin and destination. Our extension introduces latent spatial effects parameters structured to follow a spatial autoregressive process. ![]() Explanatory variables typically include origin and destination characteristics as well as distance between each region and all other regions. Spatial interaction models attempt to explain variation in flows from n origin regions to n destination regions resulting in a sample of N = n 2 observations that reflect an n by n flow matrix converted to a vector. (1920).We introduce a Bayesian hierarchical regression model that extends the traditional least-squares regression model used to estimate gravity or spatial interaction relations involving origin-destination flows. Five were founded at Howard University, including Alpha Kappa Alpha (1908), Omega Psi Phi Fraternity Inc. ![]() Racial isolation at predominantly white college campuses and social barriers such as class also created "a need for African Americans to align themselves with other individuals sharing common goals and ideals," the organization added.įollowing Alpha Phi Alpha - the first Black Greek-lettered fraternity, which was founded at Cornell University in 1906 - eight other organizations followed. The Divine Nine, according to the National Pan-Hellenic Council website, "evolved during a period when African Americans were being denied essential rights and privileges afforded others." Prominent leaders such as Kamala Harris and the late John Lewis and entertainers such as Angela Bassett and Sheryl Lee Ralph, as well as influential athletes including Michael Jordan and Colin Kaepernick, were all members of "D9" organizations. "They understood that their education was not enough they had to work as a group to lift up people who didn't have those circumstances and at the same time fight for themselves," said Lawrence Ross, author of "The Divine Nine: The History of African-American Fraternities and Sororities." ![]() "Sisterhood has obviously been something I've gained, but I've loved being able to serve in a capacity like this - being able to give back to the community in ways that I was able to receive from a young age," Nya Christian, a member of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority Inc., told "Good Morning America." "That's something that I really value in this life and being in this sorority."Ĭomposed of four sororities and five fraternities, you can often hear members of organizations within the National Pan-Hellenic Council shouting a chant, doing a step or hosting a community service event. The Black Greek-letter organizations represent the collective purposes of scholarship, service and the power of community. From the fight for freedom in the civil rights era to Hollywood to the White House, members of the National Pan-Hellenic Council - also known as The Divine Nine - continue to be a catalyst for change on college campuses and beyond. ![]()
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |